![]() ![]() However, the molecular mechanisms that regulate the formation of SHPs remain elusive. ![]() (2012) showed that, perisynaptic astrocyte remodeling and glutamate uptake are involved in SHP formation in hippocampal slices after incubation with tetrodotoxin (TTX) and glutamate iontophoresis. (2005) demonstrated that SHPs were driven by iontophoretically applied glutamate, suggesting that SHP formation leads to activity-dependent changes in synaptic connectivity. The formation of SHPs was found to be triggered by altered neuronal activity and required α-amino-3-hydroxyl-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) receptor activation. Spine head protrusions have been shown to be filopodia-like processes from the spine head of mature pyramidal neurons. Recently, spine head protrusions (SHPs) have attracted attention as a novel aspect of altered spine morphology that might contribute to functional neuronal network changes. Alterations in spine morphology and turnover are thought to play a major role in neuronal plasticity, including learning processes. Dendritic spines are remarkably dynamic structures. The morphology of dendritic spines is known to reflect their function. ![]() Their shapes include thin, filopodia-like protrusions (thin spines), short spines without a well-defined neck (stubby spines), and spines with a large bulbous head (mushroom spines). The spines exhibit considerable structural diversity and have been divided into distinct morphologic categories. Dendritic spines usually consist of a spine head that is connected to the neuron by a thin spine neck. The majority of excitatory synapses in the mammalian brain are accommodated at the dendritic spines, representing the postsynaptic compartments of neuronal synapses. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.ĭendritic spines are small membranous protrusions that extend from neuronal dendrites. was partially supported by the European Regional Development Fund POIG 01.01.02.-00-008/08. and L.K.), AXREGEN grant 214003 (Z.S.), and Ministry of Science and Higher Education grant IP2011 060671 (J.W.). This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.įunding: Research was supported by ERA-NET NEURON MODDIFSYN (J.W. Received: DecemAccepted: ApPublished: May 16, 2013Ĭopyright: © 2013 Szepesi et al. PLoS ONE 8(5):Įditor: Stefan Strack, University of Iowa, United States of America The present results strongly imply that MMP-9 is functionally involved in the formation of SHPs and the control of postsynaptic receptor distribution upon cLTP.Ĭitation: Szepesi Z, Bijata M, Ruszczycki B, Kaczmarek L, Wlodarczyk J (2013) Matrix Metalloproteinases Regulate the Formation of Dendritic Spine Head Protrusions during Chemically Induced Long-Term Potentiation. Furthermore, spines with SHPs gained postsynaptic α-amino-3-hydroxyl-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) receptors upon cLTP and the synaptic delivery of AMPA receptors was controlled by MMPs. In addition, autoactive recombinant MMP-9, promotes the formation of SHPs in organotypic hippocampal slices. ![]() Blocking of MMPs activity or microtubule dynamics abolishes the emergence of SHPs. Herein, we show that chemically induced long-term potentiation (cLTP) in dissociated hippocampal cultures upregulates MMP-9 activity that controls the formation of SHPs. Spine head protrusions (SHPs) are filopodia-like processes that extend from the dendritic spine head, representing a form of postsynaptic structural remodeling in response to altered neuronal activity. Increasing evidence has shown that matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), a family of extracellularly acting and Zn 2+-dependent endopeptidases, are able to rapidly modulate dendritic spine morphology. Dendritic spines are are small membranous protrusions that extend from neuronal dendrites and harbor the majority of excitatory synapses. ![]()
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